![]() ![]() Nonetheless, there is a lack of such a study on the inclusion of piperine in carrageenan, and thus, this work studied the bioaccessibility of the carrageenan-complexed piperine in Wistar rats and assayed its anti-inflammatory activity on the edema-induced paw of the rats.įigure 1. A recent study reported that a co-ground mixture of piperine and β-cyclodextrin (molar ratio of 1:1) revealed a significant increase (16 times) of dissolved piperine at 15 minutes of dissolution test compared to that of pure piperine ( Ezawa et al., 2016). The complexing compounds that are often used in this technique are α-, b-, g-cyclodextrin (contain 6, 7, or 8 dextrose molecules bound in a 1,4 configuration to form rings of various diameters) ( Patel et al., 2017). Similarly, another method, e.g., complex formation, is widely used to increase both the water solubility and the stability of hydrophobic drugs. ![]() This insolubility of piperine underlies the development of piperine-contained preparations, which includes nanoformulations and encapsulations in lipid bodies ( Gorgani et al., 2017). However, this compound is slightly soluble or practically insoluble in water, which impacts its bioaccessibility. Piperine is a very weak base, which can be hydrolyzed by acid or base to volatile basic piperine (piperidine C5H11N) and piperic acid (C 12H 10O 4). Moreover, this compound significantly showed an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the expression of IL6 and MMP13 and reduced the production of PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner (10–100 μg/ml) ( Bang et al., 2009). This pungent compound blocks the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBα by attenuating TNF-α induced IkappaB kinase activity in endothelial cells ( Kumar et al., 2007). Piperine inhibits the activation and translocation of NF-kappaB. nigrum (dose of 100 mg and 200 mg/kg BW) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the cerebral cortical and hippocampal tissues of rats ( Wang et al., 2017). nigrum produced a similar activity at 10 mg/kg BW but lasted for longer time ( Tasleem et al., 2014). The medicine is usually prepared by mixing a teaspoon of honey with a few amounts of black pepper in a half cup of warm water.Ī recent study reported that piperine, a nitrogenous substance contained in the fruit of this plant, at doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg body weight (BW) exerted anti-inflammatory effect after 30 minutes (and lasted in 60 minutes) on carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in rats, whereas the hexane and ethanol extracts of P. Piper nigrum (black pepper Piperaceae family) and its active component piperine as shown in Figure 1 have been used in Indonesian traditional medicine to alleviate pain in the neck and throat. Keyword: Anti-inflammatory Carrageenan Piperaceae piperine. Thus, the inclusion of biopiperine in the carrageenan complex might improve its bioaccessibility and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of carrageenan-complexed piperine at a dose of 393 mg/kg body weight (BW) (contains 100 mg of piperine) equals to the acetosal dose of 45 mg/kg BW. The carrageenan-complexed piperine revealed a better bioaccessibility ( Cmax = 0.34 μg/ml Tmax at 30 minutes) than that of the isolated piperine ( Cmax = 0.12 μg/ml, Tmax at 60 minutes), whereas the synthetic piperine showed the best absorption ( Cmax = 0.48 μg/ml, Tmax at 30 minutes). nigrum) and synthetic (TCI, Tokyo Chemical Industry) piperines were used as the standards for the bioaccessibility assay, whereas acetosal was the standard drug for the anti-inflammatory activity study. This work was aimed to study the bioaccessibility of the carrageenan-complexed piperine in Wistar rats and assayed its anti-inflammatory activity on the edema-induced paw of the rats. ![]() A recent study reported that a co-ground mixture of piperine and β-cyclodextrin revealed a significant increase of dissolved piperine at 15 minutes of dissolution test compared to that of pure piperine. However, this compound is slightly soluble in water, which impacts its bioaccessibility. ![]() Piperine, a nitrogenous substance isolated from the plant, has been reported for its anti-inflammatory activity. Piper nigrum has been used in Indonesian traditional medicine to alleviate pain. ![]()
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